報告書番号

Y97002

タイトル（和文）

貿易パターンの変化と要素蓄積Ｇ５諸国に関するレオンチェフ・パラドックスの検証

タイトル（英文）

FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF LEONTIEF PARADOX FOR G5 COUNTRIES

概要 （図表や脚注は「報告書全文」に掲載しております）

今後の日本の貿易の高度化，比較優位の源泉としての科学技術知識ストックの重要性が指摘されている。本報告は，経済のグローバル化が本格化した７０年代から９０年代初頭を対象に，日本及び他のＧ５諸国の貿易の比較優位構造の変化要因を分析する。具体的には，ヘクシャー・オリーン・バネックモデルを用いて，各国の比較優位パターンと労働，物的資本，人的資本，知識資本といった各生産要素の賦存量の変化との関係を分析した。主な分析結果は，（１）ＨＯＶ定理（貿易パターンと生産要素の豊富度との整合性）の成立は困難であり，日本をはじめ各国で「レオンチェフ・パラドックス」が観察された，（２）日本は７０年代までは熟練労働集約的な製品を輸出していたが９０年には知識資本集約的な製品に高度化が見られること，（３）米国に比べ日本の知識資本は依然として希少であり，その基盤整備は今後の国際競争力を高めるために不可欠であること，等である。

概要 （英文）

GLOBALIZATION IS CENTRAL TO THE ONGOING DEBATES ABOUT ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT AND TRADE. IT IS NOW IMPORTANT TOEXPLORE HOW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES COPE WITH HARSH GLOBAL COMPETITION WITHOUT LOOSING MUTUAL GAINS FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE. THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN TRADE THEORY SUGGESTS THAT CHANGES IN PRODUCTION FACTOR SUPPLIES WOULD ALTER TRADE PATTERNS AND THEREFORE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES COULD STILL BENEFIT FROM TRADE WHEN THEY SPECIALIZE IN EXPORT OF GOODS OR SERVICES THAT EMBODY RELATIVELY ABUNDANT FACTORS SUCH AS HUMAN AND KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO EMPIRICALLY EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADE PATTERNS AND FACTOR ACCUMULATION FOR THE G5 COUNTRIES BETWEEN THE MID-1970S AND 1990. IN PARTICULAR, THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON THE EXAMINATION OF THE LEONTIEF PARADOX BASED ON THE HOV (HECKSHER-OHLIN-VANEK) FRAMEWORK. TO PERFORM A CONSISTENT TEST OF THE THEOREM IN A MULTI-FACTOR AND MULTI-COUNTRY SETTING, THIS PAPER UTILIZES THREE KINDS OF CONSISTENT DATA AS SUGGESTED BY BOWEN, LEAMER AND SVEISKAUSKAS (BLS): TRADE, TECHNOLOGICAL INPUT COEFFICIENTS (INCLUDING I-O COEFFICIENTS), AND FACTOR ENDOWMENTS. PRODUCTION FACTORS TAKEN UP IN THIS PAPER ARE LABOR, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL AND KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL (PROXIED BY R&D CAPITAL STOCK). FOR JAPAN, LABOR WAS FURTHER DISAGGREGATED INTO 18 OCCUPATION CATEGORIES. THE RESULTS ARE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: SIMILAR TO THE FINDINGS OF BLS, THE HOV THEOREM EXPLAINS THE TRADE AMONG G5 COUNTRIES VERY POORLY. IN PARTICULAR, FOR 1990, JAPAN, WHERE LABOR IS MOST ABUNDANT, EXPORTS KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL, WHILE THE USA EXPORTS LABOR DE SPITEITS RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL RELATIVE TO OTHER G5 COUNTRIES. AMONG THE FIVE COUNTRIES, ONLY FRANCE FITS THE THEOREM, AND THE LEONTIEF PARADOX IS COMMONLY OBSERVED FOR OTHER COUNTRIES. A SIMILAR DISAPPOINTING RESULT WAS ALSO FOUND IN TRADE WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. FURTHERMORE, WHEN LABOR IS DISAGGREGATED, THE REVEALED FACTOR ABUNDANCE IN 1990 JAPANESE TRADE SHOWS THE FOLLOWI

報告者

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